References Formatting Template (MLA 9th Edition)

1. Books

  • Format:
    Author(s). Title of the Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.

  • Example:
    Smith, John A. Understanding Energy Economics. Energy Press, 2020.

2. Edited Books

  • Format:
    Editor(s), ed(s). Title of the Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.

  • Example:
    Brown, L. B., and P. H. Green, eds. Global Energy Challenges. Academic Press, 2019.

3. Book Chapters

  • Format:
    Author(s) of the chapter. "Title of the Chapter." Title of the Book, edited by Editor(s), Publisher, Year, pp. page range.

  • Example:
    Johnson, Mark C. "Renewable Energy in Urban Areas." Sustainable Energy Solutions, edited by Rachel D. Thomas and Steven F. Walker, Earth Press, 2021, pp. 102-118.

4. Journal Articles

  • Format:
    Author(s). "Title of the Article." Title of the Journal, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Year, pp. page range.

  • Example:
    Miller, Robert J. "Energy Policy and Economic Development." Journal of Energy Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, 2020, pp. 45-59.

5. Articles from Online Journals (without DOI)

  • Format:
    Author(s). "Title of the Article." Title of the Journal, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Year, pp. page range.
    Title of the Website, URL.

  • Example:
    Harris, Arthur L. "Green Energy and Economic Stability." Energy Economics, vol. 22, no. 4, 2018, pp. 78-91.
    Energy Today, www.energytoday.com/greeneconomics.

6. Conference Papers

  • Format:
    Author(s). "Title of the Paper." Title of the Conference Proceedings, edited by Editor(s), Publisher, Year, pp. page range.

  • Example:
    Taylor, Susan W., and Xian P. Zhang. "Energy Transition in Developing Countries." Proceedings of the International Energy Conference, edited by Mary L. Evans and Thomas K. White, GreenTech Publishing, 2022, pp. 234-240.

7. Dissertations and Theses

  • Format:
    Author. Title of Dissertation or Thesis. Year of Publication, University, Type of Work.

  • Example:
    Davis, Christopher P. Renewable Energy Integration in Small Economies. 2021, University of Global Studies, PhD dissertation.

8. Government Reports

  • Format:
    Government Agency. Title of the Report. Report No. [Number], Publisher, Year.
    URL (if applicable).

  • Example:
    U.S. Department of Energy. Annual Energy Report. Report No. DOE-2020-045, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2020.
    www.energy.gov/annualreport2020.

9. Websites

  • Format:
    Author(s). "Title of the Webpage." Title of the Website, Publisher (if different from website name), Publication Date, URL.

  • Example:
    Green, Alan. "The Future of Solar Energy." Renewable Energy Institute, 15 June 2021, www.renewableenergyinstitute.org/solarfuture.

10. Blogs

  • Format:
    Author(s). "Title of the Blog Post." Blog Name, Publisher (if applicable), Date of Publication, URL.

  • Example:
    Perez, David. "The Impact of Energy Policy on Global Markets." Energy Today, 10 Sept. 2019, www.energytoday.com/impactenergy.

11. Newspaper and Magazine Articles

  • Format:
    Author(s). "Title of the Article." Title of the Newspaper or Magazine, Date of Publication, pp. page range.
    URL (if applicable).

  • Example:
    Brown, Thomas. "The Future of Wind Energy in Europe." The New York Times, 21 Nov. 2020, p. A10.
    www.nytimes.com/energyfuture.

12. Podcasts

  • Format:
    Host(s). "Title of the Episode." Title of the Podcast, episode number, Production Company, Date of Publication.
    URL.

  • Example:
    Roberts, Steve, host. "The Challenges of the Global Energy Transition." Energy Insights, episode 98, Global Media, 4 May 2021.
    www.energyinsights.com/episode98.

13. Videos

  • Format:
    Author(s) or Creator(s). "Title of the Video." Website Name, Date of Publication, URL.

  • Example:
    Harris, Liam, creator. "Understanding Energy Economics." YouTube, 10 June 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=abcd1234.

14. Online Encyclopedias or Dictionaries

  • Format:
    Author(s) (if applicable). "Title of the Entry." Title of the Encyclopedia or Dictionary, edited by Editor(s), Edition, Publisher, Year.
    URL (if applicable).

  • Example:
    McMillan, Stephen J. "Energy Policy." Encyclopedia of Energy, 3rd ed., Science Press, 2020.
    www.encyclopediaofenergy.com/energypolicy.

15. Interviews

  • Format:
    Interviewee. Title or Description of the Interview. Interview by Interviewer's Name, Date.

  • Example:
    Jenkins, Michael. The Future of Renewable Energy. Interview by Rachel Clark, 22 Mar. 2021.

16. Personal Communications (Emails, Personal Interviews, etc.)

  • Format:
    Author(s). Description of the Communication. Date of Communication.
    (Note: Personal communications are cited only in the text, not in the reference list.)

  • Example (In-text citation):
    (J. A. Smith, personal communication, 3 Aug. 2020).

General Guidelines

  • Authors: List authors by last name, followed by first name. If there are more than one, separate them by commas.
  • Titles: Italicize titles of books, journals, and other stand-alone works. Use quotation marks for articles, chapters, and webpages.
  • Date of Publication: For sources with no specific date (like blogs or webpages), use “n.d.” for "no date."
  • Spacing: The Works Cited page should be double-spaced with a hanging indent (where the second and subsequent lines of each entry are indented by 0.5 inches).