References Formatting Template (APA 7th Edition)

1. Books

  • Format:
    Author(s). (Year). Title of the book (Edition, if applicable). Publisher.
    DOI/Publisher URL (if available)

  • Example:
    Smith, J. A. (2020). Understanding energy economics (2nd ed.). Energy Press.
    https://doi.org/10.1234/energyecon.2020.5678

2. Edited Books

  • Format:
    Editor(s) (Ed(s).). (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
    DOI/Publisher URL (if available)

  • Example:
    Brown, L. B., & Green, P. H. (Eds.). (2019). Global energy challenges. Academic Press.
    https://doi.org/10.5678/globalenergy.2019.1234

3. Book Chapters

  • Format:
    Author(s) of the chapter. (Year). Title of the chapter. In Editor(s) (Ed(s).), Title of the book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.
    DOI/Publisher URL (if available)

  • Example:
    Johnson, M. C. (2021). Renewable energy in urban areas. In R. D. Thomas & S. F. Walker (Eds.), Sustainable energy solutions (pp. 102-118). Earth Press.
    https://doi.org/10.5678/renewableurban.2021

4. Journal Articles

  • Format:
    Author(s). (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume number(Issue number), page range.
    DOI/Publisher URL (if available)

  • Example:
    Miller, R. J. (2020). Energy policy and economic development. Journal of Energy Studies, 15(3), 45-59.
    https://doi.org/10.4321/energypolicy2020

5. Articles from Online Journals (without DOI)

6. Conference Papers

  • Format:
    Author(s). (Year). Title of the paper. In Editor(s) (Ed(s).), Proceedings of the [Conference Name] (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.
    DOI/Publisher URL (if available)

  • Example:
    Taylor, S. W., & Zhang, X. P. (2022). Energy transition in developing countries. In M. L. Evans & T. K. White (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Energy Conference (pp. 234-240). GreenTech Publishing.
    https://doi.org/10.1234/energyconference2022

7. Dissertations and Theses

  • Format:
    Author(s). (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No. [number]). [Degree type, University Name]. Database/Publisher.
    URL (if available)

  • Example:
    Davis, C. P. (2021). Renewable energy integration in small economies (Publication No. 1234567). [Doctoral dissertation, University of Global Studies]. ProQuest.
    https://www.proquest.com/pqdt/renewableenergy2021

8. Government Reports

  • Format:
    Government Agency. (Year). Title of the report (Report No. [number]). Publisher.
    DOI/Publisher URL (if available)

  • Example:
    U.S. Department of Energy. (2020). Annual energy report (Report No. DOE-2020-045). U.S. Government Printing Office.
    https://www.energy.gov/annualreport2020

9. Webpages

10. Blogs

  • Format:
    Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of the blog post. Blog Name. URL

  • Example:
    Perez, D. (2019, September 10). The impact of energy policy on global markets. Energy Today.
    https://www.energytoday.com/impactenergy

11. Newspaper and Magazine Articles

  • Format:
    Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of the article. Title of the Newspaper/Magazine, page number(s).
    URL (if available)

  • Example:
    Brown, T. (2020, November 21). The future of wind energy in Europe. The New York Times, A10.
    https://www.nytimes.com/energyfuture

12. Podcasts

  • Format:
    Host(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of the episode (No. episode number) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of the podcast. Production Company. URL

  • Example:
    Roberts, S. (Host). (2021, May 4). The challenges of the global energy transition (No. 98) [Audio podcast episode]. In Energy Insights. Global Media.
    https://www.energyinsights.com/episode98

13. Videos

  • Format:
    Author(s) or Creator(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of the video [Video]. Website Name. URL

  • Example:
    Harris, L. (Creator). (2020, June 10). Understanding energy economics [Video]. YouTube.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abcd1234

14. Online Encyclopedias or Dictionaries

  • Format:
    Author(s) (if applicable). (Year). Title of the entry. In Title of the encyclopedia (edition, if applicable). Publisher.
    URL

  • Example:
    McMillan, S. J. (2020). Energy policy. In Encyclopedia of Energy (3rd ed.). Science Press.
    https://www.encyclopediaofenergy.com/energypolicy

15. Interviews

  • Format:
    Interviewee. (Year, Month Day). Title or description of the interview. Interview by Interviewer’s Name.
    URL (if available)

  • Example:
    Jenkins, M. (2021, March 22). The future of renewable energy [Interview by R. Clark].
    https://www.renewableinterviews.com/futureofenergy

16. Personal Communications (Emails, Personal Interviews, etc.)

  • Format:
    Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Description of the communication. Personal communication.
    (Note: Personal communications are not included in the reference list but should be cited in-text only.)

  • Example (In-text citation):
    (J. A. Smith, personal communication, August 3, 2020)

General Guidelines

  • Author(s): Always list the authors in the same order as they appear on the publication.
  • DOI and URLs: Use DOI links where available. For webpages and other online sources, use direct URLs.
  • Italics: Italicize titles of books, journals, and other standalone works.
  • Spacing and Hanging Indentation: References should be double-spaced with a hanging indent (second and subsequent lines indented by 0.5 inches).